lääkeainemuunnosten

Lääkeainemuunnosten, also known as drug metabolism, refers to the process by which the body modifies pharmaceutical substances. This transformation primarily occurs in the liver, although other organs like the intestines and kidneys also play a role. The main purpose of drug metabolism is to convert lipophilic (fat-soluble) drugs into more hydrophilic (water-soluble) compounds, facilitating their excretion from the body, typically through urine or bile.

There are two main phases of drug metabolism. Phase I reactions involve the introduction or unmasking of polar functional groups, often through oxidation, reduction, or hydrolysis. These reactions are commonly mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Phase II reactions, also known as conjugation reactions, involve attaching endogenous molecules like glucuronic acid, sulfate, or amino acids to the drug or its Phase I metabolite. This further increases the water solubility of the compound, making it easier for the body to eliminate.

Drug metabolism is crucial for determining a drug's efficacy, duration of action, and potential toxicity. Variations in metabolic pathways, due to genetic factors, age, disease states, or interactions with other drugs or substances like grapefruit juice, can significantly impact how an individual responds to a medication. Understanding drug metabolism is essential for designing effective drug therapies and predicting adverse drug reactions. It is a complex biological process that ensures the body can safely process and eliminate foreign substances, including medications.