lukemia

Lukemia, commonly spelled leukemia, is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by the uncontrolled production of abnormal white blood cells. These cells interfere with normal blood formation, leading to anemia, increased infection risk, and impaired clotting. The disease is heterogeneous, with several major types categorized by the lineage of the affected cells (lymphoid or myeloid) and the pace of progression (acute or chronic).

The main categories are acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Acute leukemias progress rapidly and require prompt treatment, while chronic leukemias typically evolve more slowly. ALL is most common in children, whereas AML and CML are more common in adults. CLL is often diagnosed in older adults and may progress slowly.

Diagnosis relies on blood tests showing abnormal white cells alongside anemia or low platelets, and on bone marrow examination. Additional tests, including flow cytometry, cytogenetics, and molecular studies, help classify the leukemia and guide treatment.

Treatment depends on the subtype and patient factors. It may include chemotherapy, targeted therapies (such as inhibitors for specific mutations), immunotherapy, and, in some cases, stem cell transplantation. Supportive care, such as antibiotics for infections, transfusions, and management of anemia, is commonly required.

Prognosis varies widely by subtype, age, genetic features, and response to initial treatment. Pediatric ALL has high cure rates with current regimens, while outcomes for AML and other forms are more heterogeneous. Ongoing research aims to improve precision therapies and long-term survivorship.