lowIq

Low IQ is an informal label used to describe relatively lower scores on standardized intelligence tests. In psychometrics, IQ stands for intelligence quotient and is derived from tasks that assess verbal and nonverbal reasoning, memory, and problem-solving. Most modern tests use a normal distribution with an average (mean) of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. The term "low IQ" is not a precise clinical category; cutoffs vary by test and context, but scores below the average range are generally described as below average. It is important to note that “low IQ” does not define a person’s worth or overall abilities.

Intellectual disability is a separate clinical diagnosis that may involve a substantially below-average IQ, typically below about 70–75, coupled with deficits in adaptive functioning and onset during the developmental period. Not everyone with a lower IQ meets criteria for an intellectual disability, and many individuals with lower scores function well in daily life with appropriate support.

IQ tests measure a subset of cognitive abilities under standardized conditions and are influenced by factors such as education, language proficiency, culture, health, and test experience. They do not capture all aspects of intelligence, including creativity, practical problem-solving, motivation, or social skills, and they should be interpreted as one piece of a broader assessment.

Ethical considerations emphasize avoiding stigma and using respectful language. Early intervention and educational supports can improve functional outcomes for some individuals with lower cognitive scores, underscoring that intelligence is multifaceted and not solely determined by a single test score.