longswords

Longsword is a European sword designed for two-handed use, featuring a straight, double-edged blade typically 80–110 cm long, a cruciform guard, and a grip long enough for both hands on the tang. The pommel balances the blade and aids control. The blade often includes a fuller to reduce weight without sacrificing stiffness. Construction is tempered steel, with a balance center toward the hilt for precise handling.

Origin and development: Longswords emerged in the 14th century as a progression from single-handed arming swords and as armored warfare evolved. They were common in Western Europe during the Late Middle Ages and into the early Renaissance, particularly among knights and men-at-arms. Regional traditions include the German langes Schwert and the Italian spada longa or spada a due mani.

Combat use: Longswords are typically used two-handed, though one-handed grips exist with shields or daggers. They are capable of powerful cuts and precise thrusts. In armored combat, practitioners employed half-swording to gain leverage for puncturing plate and for controlled thrusts; fighting treatises from the German, Italian, and Spanish schools describe a variety of guards and feints.

Decline and legacy: By the late 16th century, changes in armor, tactics, and the rise of lighter swords and rapiers reduced the longsword’s prominence. In modern times, longsword remains a focus of historical European martial arts and is studied in historical fencing and sport fencing. It is distinct from the heavier greatswords.