spada

Spada is the Italian word for sword and, more broadly, denotes a family of straight, double-edged blades used in Europe from antiquity through the early modern period. The term derives from the Latin spatha, a long Roman sword that influenced later European designs.

Historically, spada referred to a range of one- and two-handed swords. In the Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the spada lunga (long sword) and the spada bastarda (a transitional, larger arming sword) are among the better-known variants. The spada da lato, or side sword, appeared in the early modern era as a civilian and military weapon with a lighter build and a prominent guard. Over time, regional smithing traditions produced numerous styles and refinements, reflecting evolving combat techniques, armor, and cultural preferences.

In modern contexts, the term spada is used in sport fencing to designate the épée, one of the three weapons in fencing alongside the foil (fioretto) and the sabre (sciabola). The spada in fencing is a thrusting weapon with a stiff blade and a large guard, and it uses an electronic scoring system to register touches. The rules and target areas differ among the three weapons, with the épée focusing on full-body targets.

Construction and features commonly include a straight, double-edged blade, a cruciform guard, and a grip with a pommel. Blade lengths, balance, and tempering vary by period and purpose, from battlefield swords to ceremonial replicas.

Culturally, the spada has appeared in art, literature, and heraldry as a symbol of martial skill and chivalry, with numerous national and regional traditions across Italy and Europe.