longspines

Longspines are a group of passerine birds belonging to the family Calcariidae. They are small to medium-sized ground-dwelling birds, characterized by their elongated hind claws, which give them their common name. This adaptation is thought to aid them in perching on grasses and other vegetation, particularly during their breeding season. Longspines are primarily found in the Arctic and subarctic regions of North America and Eurasia.

The genus Calcarius contains several species, including the Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), the Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus), the Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus), and the McCown's Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). These species exhibit distinct plumage patterns, often with males displaying more elaborate coloration, especially during the breeding season. Their diets mainly consist of seeds and insects, with the proportion of each varying seasonally.

Longspines are migratory birds, undertaking long journeys between their northern breeding grounds and their wintering areas further south. They typically breed in open habitats such as tundra, grasslands, and prairies. Nests are usually built on the ground, concealed within vegetation. The conservation status of longspine species varies, with some being relatively common and others facing localized threats due to habitat loss or environmental changes.