litigations

Litigation is the formal process of resolving disputes through the court system. It encompasses civil and criminal proceedings in which parties present legal claims, defenses, and evidence before judges and, in some cases, juries. While many disputes are settled out of court, litigation describes the public legal action that proceeds through a defined procedural framework in order to obtain a judicial decision or enforcement of rights.

Typical litigation steps include pre-litigation assessment, the filing of pleadings, and the respondent’s answer. The plaintiff may submit complaints, and the defendant may assert defenses or counterclaims. Discovery follows, involving the exchange of information such as documents, witness statements, and depositions. Parties may file motions to dismiss, to limit issues, or for summary judgment if there is no dispute on material facts. The case then proceeds to trial, where a judge or jury considers evidence and renders a verdict or judgment. After a decision, there may be post-trial motions and an appeal to a higher court to review legal errors.

Litigation outcomes often shape remedies such as monetary damages, injunctions, or specific performance, and parties may seek enforcement of judgments. Because litigation can be costly and time consuming, settlements and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods such as mediation or arbitration are common before or during court proceedings. Jurisdictional rules vary by country and region, influencing standards of proof, procedural requirements, and available remedies. Types of litigation include civil, criminal, administrative, commercial, and family-law matters, each governed by distinct procedures and standards within applicable legal systems.