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A license is a legal permission granted by an authorized entity to engage in an activity, use property, or access information that would otherwise be restricted. Licenses define what is allowed, under what conditions, and for how long, and they may be issued by government agencies, professional bodies, or private rights holders. They serve to regulate safety, quality, access, and public interest while creating a framework for accountability.

Licenses come in many forms. Intellectual property licenses permit use of protected works or technologies under agreed terms. Professional licenses authorize individuals to practice certain occupations, such as medicine, law, or teaching, often after demonstrating qualifications. Business licenses permit operations in a jurisdiction, while broadcasting, spectrum, vehicle, and import/export licenses regulate specific activities or goods. Some licenses are voluntary, while others are mandatory by law.

Key elements commonly found in licenses include the scope of use (field or activity), geographic or temporal limits, duration and renewal terms, required fees, and specific obligations or standards. Some licenses are transferable, enabling the licensee to sell or assign it, while others are non-transferable and personal to the holder.

Issuance typically involves an application process, verification of qualifications or compliance with conditions, and sometimes public notice or consultation. Enforcement can include suspension or revocation, fines, or other penalties for violations. Infringement of licensed activity may carry civil or criminal consequences, depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the license.

Licensing aims to protect safety, public welfare, and market integrity, while balancing access and innovation. Critics argue it can create barriers to entry and administrative burden if not well designed.