lenfomalar

Lenfomalar, or lymphomas, are cancers that originate in the lymphatic system, most often from B lymphocytes but also from T cells. They can arise in lymph nodes or outside them in organs such as the spleen or bone marrow.

There are two main groups: Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). HL is defined by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and tends to affect younger adults in two age peaks. NHL includes many subtypes and is more common in older adults; it ranges from indolent to aggressive forms.

Symptoms commonly include painless swelling of lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and itching. Some lymphomas cause symptoms due to organ involvement or low blood counts.

Diagnosis involves history, physical examination, blood tests, imaging (CT or PET-CT), and most importantly a biopsy with histology and immunophenotyping. Staging uses the Ann Arbor system, often with PET-CT.

Treatment depends on type and stage. HL is typically treated with chemotherapy, often ABVD, with or without involved-site radiotherapy. NHL treatment varies by subtype and may include chemotherapy regimens such as R-CHOP, immunotherapies, targeted agents, and sometimes stem cell transplantation or CAR-T therapy.

Prognosis varies widely by subtype and stage. HL generally has a high cure rate with modern therapy, while NHL ranges from highly curable to more challenging disease, depending on aggressiveness and patient factors.

Prevalence and outcomes have improved with advances in imaging, risk stratification, and targeted therapies. Ongoing research focuses on better risk assessment, minimizing treatment toxicity, and novel therapies.