ladders

A ladder is a vertical or near-vertical access device consisting of two side rails connected by rungs or steps, designed for climbing to elevated areas. Ladders are used in a wide range of settings, from household tasks to industrial maintenance, and can be portable or fixed to a structure or equipment.

Types of ladders include portable and fixed varieties. Portable ladders encompass step ladders (self-supporting), extension ladders (adjustable length for reaching higher areas), and combination ladders that function as both steps and a leaning ladder. Fixed ladders are permanently attached to buildings or machinery. Other variants include telescoping, articulating, attic, and rope ladders, each suited to different access needs and space constraints.

Ladders are made from several materials. Wood ladders are traditional and inexpensive but heavier and require maintenance. Aluminum ladders are lightweight and durable but conduct electricity. Fiberglass ladders are non-conductive and preferred for electrical work. Design features include rungs spaced roughly 10 to 12 inches apart, non-slip feet, rungs or steps with traction, and stabilizers or spreaders on certain models to maintain width and safety.

Safety and usage guidelines emphasize proper setup, inspection, and operation. Check for cracks, corrosion, loose parts, and worn feet before use. Follow load ratings, maintain three points of contact, avoid carrying tools by hand, and keep the area around the base clear. When leaning a ladder, use the 4:1 rule (one foot out for every four feet of height). For electrical work, choose non-conductive fiberglass ladders; never use damaged ladders or use them as substitutes for scaffolding.

Ladders have a long history, evolving from basic wooden steps to standardized designs. Standards organizations worldwide, such as OSHA and ANSI in the United States and EN 131 in Europe, regulate ladder design, labeling, load ratings, and safety practices.