labonachipkoncept

Lab-on-a-chip concept, often referred to as lab-on-a-chip (LOC) or micro total analysis systems (μTAS), denotes the integration of one or more laboratory functions on a single microfabricated chip to perform chemical and biological analyses. A LOC device typically combines sample handling, reagent storage, mixing, reactions, separations, and detection within a network of microchannels and chambers.

Chips are made from materials such as PDMS, glass, silicon, or polymers, and rely on microfluidic control to move tiny fluid volumes. Fluid actuation can be passive, via capillary action or gravity, or active, using electroosmotic flow, pneumatic valves, or external pumps. Detection methods include optical, electrochemical, and electronic sensing integrated on the chip.

Fabrication commonly uses photolithography and soft lithography, with other approaches like injection molding for larger-scale production. The LOC paradigm aims to miniaturize and automate laboratory workflows, reducing reagent consumption and analysis time while enabling portable or point-of-care systems.

History and scope: The concept emerged in the 1990s within microfluidics as researchers sought to miniaturize chemical analyses and bioassays onto compact platforms. Early work by Manz and collaborators helped establish micro total analysis systems as a formal field.

Applications and impact: LOC devices find use in clinical diagnostics, point-of-care testing, DNA analysis and sequencing, immunoassays, environmental monitoring, and food safety. Benefits include lower costs, faster results, and the potential for high-throughput and multiplexed testing. Challenges remain in integrating complex sample preparation, ensuring reliability and standardization, reducing manufacturing costs, and addressing biocompatibility and fouling issues.