kvantnumber

The term *kvantnummer* (Dutch for "quantum number") refers to a set of numerical values in quantum mechanics that describe the unique quantum state of a particle, such as an electron in an atom. These numbers arise from solving the Schrödinger equation, which governs the behavior of quantum systems, and provide discrete, quantized values rather than continuous ranges.

In atomic physics, the principal quantum number (*n*) determines the energy level and average distance of an electron from the nucleus. The azimuthal quantum number (*l*), also called the orbital angular momentum quantum number, defines the shape of the electron’s orbital and its angular momentum. The magnetic quantum number (*m_l*) specifies the orientation of the orbital in space, while the spin quantum number (*m_s*) describes the electron’s intrinsic angular momentum, or spin.

In molecular and solid-state physics, additional quantum numbers, such as the vibrational quantum number (*v*) and rotational quantum number (*J*), characterize molecular energy states. These numbers are essential for understanding spectral lines, chemical bonding, and electronic configurations.

Kvantnummers are fundamental in quantum chemistry and spectroscopy, where they help explain phenomena like electron transitions, atomic spectra, and molecular interactions. Their discrete nature contrasts with classical physics, where continuous values are typical, and they form the basis for quantum models in both theoretical and experimental studies.