kryptokokkoosin

Kryptokokkoosi is a potentially serious systemic infection caused by fungi of the genus Cryptococcus. The most common causative agents are Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These fungi are found worldwide in soil, decaying wood, and bird droppings, particularly pigeon excreta. Infection typically occurs through inhalation of fungal spores present in the environment.

The majority of healthy individuals exposed to Cryptococcus do not develop illness. However, immunocompromised individuals, especially those with weakened immune systems due to HIV/AIDS, organ transplantation, or certain cancers, are at a significantly higher risk of developing severe disease.

The clinical manifestations of cryptococcosis vary depending on the route of infection and the host's immune status. Pulmonary cryptococcosis, the initial site of infection following inhalation, can range from asymptomatic colonization to pneumonia. Disseminated cryptococcosis occurs when the fungus spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body. The most common and life-threatening form of disseminated disease is cryptococcal meningitis, an infection of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Other sites of dissemination can include the skin, bones, and prostate.

Diagnosis is made through laboratory tests, including microscopic examination of clinical specimens (such as cerebrospinal fluid or sputum), fungal cultures, and antigen detection tests. Treatment involves antifungal medications, with the choice and duration of therapy depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status. Amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole are commonly used antifungal agents. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding exposure to contaminated environments and managing underlying immunocompromising conditions.