Kryptokokkoosi

Kryptokokkoosi is a potentially serious opportunistic infection caused by fungi belonging to the genus Cryptococcus. The most common species implicated are Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. These fungi are found worldwide, primarily in soil and bird droppings, particularly from pigeons. Infection typically occurs through inhalation of airborne fungal particles.

In healthy individuals, the immune system usually contains the infection, leading to asymptomatic colonization or mild respiratory illness. However, individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those with HIV/AIDS, undergoing chemotherapy, organ transplant recipients, or those with certain autoimmune diseases, are at significantly higher risk of developing severe disease.

The most common and serious manifestation of cryptococcosis is cryptococcal meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms can include headache, fever, neck stiffness, confusion, and neurological deficits. Cryptococcosis can also affect the lungs, causing pneumonia-like symptoms such as cough, chest pain, and shortness of breath. Disseminated disease, where the infection spreads to other parts of the body, can also occur, affecting the skin, bones, and other organs.

Diagnosis is typically made through laboratory tests, including microscopic examination, fungal cultures from bodily fluids like cerebrospinal fluid or blood, and antigen detection tests. Treatment involves antifungal medications, with amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole being commonly used. The duration and specific regimen depend on the severity of the infection and the patient's immune status. Prevention strategies focus on avoiding exposure to contaminated environments, especially for immunocompromised individuals.