kristalizacij
Kristalizacij, often translated as crystallization, is the process by which a solid crystalline phase forms from a system that is supersaturated or overheated. Crystals develop via nucleation, where a small stable cluster forms, followed by crystal growth as molecules arrange into an ordered lattice. Crystallization can occur from a solution, a melt, or, less commonly, from a gas phase.
The driving force is supersaturation, the condition in which the solute concentration exceeds its equilibrium solubility.
Applications include purification and isolation of chemical compounds (notably pharmaceuticals), production of materials with defined optical
Characterization uses X-ray diffraction, calorimetry, microscopy, and spectroscopy to assess structure, purity, and particle size distribution.