kosketusteorian

Kosketusteoria, often translated as contact theory, is a social psychology framework that proposes that intergroup prejudice can be reduced by bringing members of different groups into contact with each other under specific conditions. The theory suggests that positive intergroup interactions can lead to increased understanding, empathy, and a reduction in stereotypes and discriminatory attitudes. However, the effectiveness of contact is not automatic and depends on several key factors.

The original formulation by Gordon Allport outlined four optimal conditions for contact: equal status between the groups, common goals that require cooperation, intergroup cooperation, and the support of authorities, law, or custom. When these conditions are met, individuals can challenge their preconceived notions about out-groups, recognize their common humanity, and develop friendships across group lines. This can lead to a reduction in anxiety associated with intergroup interactions and a shift in perception from group-level stereotypes to individual-level recognition.

Research has supported the general principle of contact theory across various contexts, including race relations, ethnic groups, and even between individuals with differing political or religious beliefs. However, the presence of negative contact can sometimes exacerbate prejudice. Therefore, the quality and nature of the interaction are crucial. Modern extensions of the theory emphasize the importance of individuals identifying with both their in-group and the out-group, as well as the role of extended contact (knowing someone who has had positive contact with an out-group).