kontraktuuri

Kontraktuuri, commonly translated as contracture, is a medical condition characterized by permanent shortening and stiffening of muscle, tendon, fascia, or other soft tissue, leading to reduced range of motion in one or more joints. The term is used in Estonian and other languages as a loanword from Latin contractura. Kontraktuuri can arise from fibrosis, scarring, or prolonged immobilization and may follow nerve injury, burns, inflammatory diseases, or systemic conditions.

Several forms exist, including Dupuytren's contracture of the hand, where fibrous tissue in the palm constricts fingers, and other joint-specific contractures such as knee or ankle contractures. The severity and pattern of limitation depend on the affected tissues and joints.

Causes and risk factors include long-term immobilization after injury or surgery, severe burns, repeated microtrauma, nerve or muscle disorders, diabetes, and genetic predisposition in some forms. Age and overall health can influence progression and treatment response.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and physical examination of joint motion. Additional imaging or electrical studies are rarely required, but may help exclude related conditions.

Treatment aims to restore or preserve motion and may include physical therapy, stretching exercises, and splinting or serial casting. Pharmacologic options, such as enzyme injections for specific forms like Dupuytren's, can be considered. In severe or refractory cases, surgical release (fasciotomy or contracture release) followed by rehabilitation may be necessary. Prognosis varies with cause and severity; recurrence is common in some forms, underscoring the importance of ongoing therapy and monitoring.

See also: contracture, Dupuytren's disease.