koilocyták

Koilocytes are abnormal squamous cells found in a Pap smear or other cytologic samples. The term koilocyte, derived from the Greek word "koilos" meaning hollow, describes the characteristic appearance of these cells. They are typically observed in the context of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

The microscopic hallmark of a koilocyte is the presence of a perinuclear halo, which is a clear or optically empty zone surrounding the nucleus. The nucleus itself often appears enlarged, hyperchromatic (darkly stained), and irregularly shaped. The cytoplasm may be thickened and vacuolated. These changes are thought to result from the cytopathic effect of HPV, which interferes with cellular maturation and keratinization.

Koilocytes are not themselves cancerous but are considered a marker of cervical dysplasia or squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), which is a precancerous condition. The presence of koilocytes in a Pap smear prompts further investigation, often including colposcopy and biopsies, to assess the degree of dysplasia and determine appropriate management. While primarily associated with cervical samples, koilocytes can also be found in other sites affected by HPV, such as the vulva, vagina, anus, and oropharynx. Their identification is crucial for early detection and prevention of HPV-related cancers.