kationihartsille
Kationihartsille is the Finnish term for a cation exchange resin, a porous polymer material containing fixed negatively charged groups that can exchange cations with a flowing solution. These resins are widely used in water treatment, softening, and demineralization processes.
Principle of operation: The resin beads carry fixed negatively charged functional groups, such as sulfonate groups
Types and regeneration: Strong acid cation resins (sulfonic groups) are robust and operate across a wide pH
Applications: The primary use is water softening, where calcium and magnesium are removed in exchange for sodium.
Considerations: Performance depends on feedwater hardness, temperature, and resin age; fouling and improper regeneration can reduce