karotinoidi

Karotinoidi, also known as carotenoids, are a diverse group of naturally occurring pigments found in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria. They play a crucial role in photosynthesis by capturing light energy and converting it into chemical energy. Beyond their role in plants, carotenoids are essential nutrients for animals, including humans, as they serve as precursors to vitamin A and act as antioxidants, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

The chemical structure of carotenoids typically consists of long hydrocarbon chains with conjugated double bonds, which give them their characteristic yellow, orange, or red colors. Over 600 different carotenoids have been identified, but only about 50 are commonly found in the human diet. The most well-known carotenoids include beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. Beta-carotene is particularly notable because the body can convert it into retinal, a form of vitamin A, which is vital for vision, immune function, and cell growth.

Carotenoids are primarily found in colorful fruits and vegetables, such as carrots, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, spinach, and kale. Dietary intake of carotenoids has been linked to various health benefits, including reduced risk of chronic diseases like cardiovascular disease, certain cancers, and age-related macular degeneration. Their antioxidant properties help neutralize free radicals, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and disease.

While carotenoids are generally safe and beneficial in natural food sources, excessive intake of certain carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, from supplements has been associated with adverse effects in some studies. For this reason, obtaining carotenoids through a balanced diet is typically recommended over supplementation. Research on carotenoids continues to expand, highlighting their importance in both plant biology and human health.