jõuline

Jõuline is an Estonian adjective meaning powerful, forceful, or vigorous. It is used to describe something with strength, intensity, or impact, such as a physical action, a voice, a performance, an argument, or a style. The term can apply to people, movements, or atmospheres, conveying a sense of energy and assertiveness.

Etymology and form are straightforward for a common Estonian derivation. Jõuline is formed from the noun jõud (power, force) with a derivational suffix that yields an adjective. The related noun jõulisus expresses the quality or state of being forceful. The adverb form is jõuliselt, used to describe actions done in a powerful or forceful manner. In comparative and superlative degrees, the word follows standard Estonian grammar: jõulisem and jõulisaim.

Usage and common collocations include jõuline võitlus (a forceful struggle), jõuline kõne (a powerful speech), and jõuline õppimine (vigorous study). It is often contrasted with terms like pehme (gentle) or nõrk (weak) to highlight intensity or impact. The nuance of jõuline can range from physical strength to persuasive or emphatic expression, depending on context.

See also: jõud, meaning power or force; jõulisus, the noun form referring to forcefulness; related adjectives such as tugev (strong) and energiline (energetic).