jernmalm

Jernmalm, or iron ore, refers to natural rock and mineral deposits from which metallic iron can be extracted.

The principal iron minerals are hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Other mined varieties include goethite, limonite, and siderite. Iron content varies; high-grade hematite ores typically contain around 60–65% Fe, magnetite ores around 60–70%, while some lower-grade ores require beneficiation.

In Sweden, the term jernmalm is commonly used, reflecting a long history of iron ore mining, especially in Kiruna and Falun. Globally, iron ore occurs in various geological settings, notably banded iron formations and sedimentary deposits. Major current producers include Australia, Brazil, China, and India; historically important deposits exist in North America and parts of Europe.

Mining is usually open-pit for high-grade ores; low-grade ore often undergoes beneficiation, including crushing, washing, magnetic separation, gravity concentration, and flotation to raise iron content and remove impurities.

Processed ore is used primarily for steel production. It is sintered or pelletized to create suitable feed for blast furnaces, or used as direct reduced iron in shaft furnaces and electric arc furnaces.

As a global commodity, iron ore markets influence steel supply and prices. Mining and processing involve energy and water use, dust and emissions, and landscape and biodiversity impacts, with continued emphasis on efficient logistics from mine to port.