iskemi

Iskemi is a medical condition defined by reduced blood flow to a tissue, causing insufficient oxygen and nutrient delivery. It typically results from arterial narrowing or blockage due to atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or embolism, but can also stem from low blood pressure, vasospasm, or microvascular dysfunction. If perfusion is not restored promptly, cells may be damaged or die, leading to tissue infarction.

Iskemi can affect any organ. Common forms include cerebral ischemia (stroke or transient ischemic attack), myocardial ischemia (angina and myocardial infarction), mesenteric ischemia (gut), and peripheral ischemia (limbs). Symptoms depend on location: brain—sudden weakness, speech or vision disturbance; heart—chest discomfort and shortness of breath; abdomen—intractable pain; limbs—pallor, pain, or absent pulses.

Diagnosis combines clinical assessment with tests. Cardiac ischemia is evaluated with ECG and cardiac biomarkers; brain ischemia with brain imaging (CT or MRI); vascular assessment with Doppler ultrasound or CT angiography; laboratory tests help identify risk factors.

Treatment aims to restore perfusion and prevent further injury. It may include anti-platelet or anticoagulant therapy, nitrates, statins, and analgesia. Revascularization strategies (percutaneous coronary intervention, thrombolysis, bypass surgery) are used when appropriate, along with supportive care.

Prevention focuses on risk factor management: smoking cessation, blood pressure and lipid control, diabetes management, healthy weight, and regular physical activity. Prognosis depends on organ involved, extent of ischemia, and speed of reperfusion; timely treatment improves outcomes.