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Ischemická is a term that refers to a condition caused by reduced blood flow to an organ or part of the body. This reduction in blood flow, known as ischemia, deprives the affected tissues of oxygen and nutrients. Without adequate oxygen, cells can be damaged or die. Ischemia can affect various parts of the body, including the heart, brain, and limbs.

When ischemia affects the heart, it is commonly referred to as ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease. This occurs when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart muscle, become narrowed or blocked, often due to the buildup of plaque. Symptoms can include chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and fatigue. Severe or prolonged ischemia can lead to a heart attack.

Cerebral ischemia refers to a lack of blood flow to the brain. This can manifest as a transient ischemic attack (TIA), often called a mini-stroke, where symptoms are temporary. More severe or prolonged cerebral ischemia can result in an ischemic stroke, causing permanent brain damage and potential disability. Risk factors for cerebral ischemia include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and atrial fibrillation.

Peripheral ischemia occurs when blood flow to the limbs, most commonly the legs, is reduced. This can cause pain, cramping, numbness, and weakness in the affected limb, especially during exercise. In severe cases, it can lead to non-healing sores or gangrene, potentially requiring amputation. Atherosclerosis, the hardening and narrowing of arteries, is a common cause of peripheral ischemia.