irritatio

Irritatio is a Latin term that designates irritation, a non-specific reaction of tissue to a disruptive stimulus. In contemporary medical language, irritation describes an uncomfortable or painful response of skin, mucosa, or other tissues that results from chemical, mechanical, thermal, or biological factors. The noun irritatio is the origin of the English word irritation.

Irritation occurs when sensory nerve endings in the tissue are activated and inflammatory mediators such as histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandins are released. This can produce symptoms including burning, itching, redness, swelling, or a stinging sensation. The response is usually localized and self-limited but can be persistent with ongoing exposure.

Common causes include mechanical irritation from friction, abrasion, or ill-fitting devices; chemical irritation from acids, alkalis, solvents, or irritant cosmetics; and thermal irritation from heat or cold. Environmental irritants such as pollen or smoke can irritate airways or eyes. Irritation can involve the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, or internal surfaces of the mouth, throat, or gut.

Diagnosis rests on clinical evaluation and history, with attention to recent exposures. Patch testing or other allergy evaluations may be used when an allergic contact dermatitis is suspected to distinguish irritation from hypersensitivity or infection.

Management centers on removing the irritant and providing symptomatic relief. This can include cleansing or irrigation, barrier protection, topical corticosteroids or antihistamines for inflammatory skin reactions, and supportive care for ocular or mucosal irritation, such as lubricant eye drops. In most cases symptoms resolve after removal of the stimulus.

Prevention focuses on minimizing exposure to known irritants, using gentle products, protective barriers, and proper handling of textiles, cosmetics, medications, or industrial chemicals.