irate

Irate is an adjective that describes someone who is extremely angry or a reaction that displays strong anger. It is typically used to convey a state or demeanor rather than a passing mood, and it often emphasizes outward signs of anger, such as raised voice or tense behavior. For example, an irate customer may protest loudly or demand immediate resolution.

The word derives from the noun ire, meaning anger, which comes from Latin ira. The suffix -ate is used to form adjectives, giving irate the sense of “characterized by anger.” The adverb irately and the noun irateness are less common but recognized forms.

Usage and tone: Irate is commonly found in formal or narrative writing and in journalism to convey intensity beyond ordinary anger. It is usually applied to people, though it can describe a reaction or expression. Collocations include irate customer, irate letter, and speaking irately. In casual writing, terms like angry or mad may be preferred, as irate can carry a more literary or emphatic nuance.

Synonyms include furious, enraged, incensed, and livid, while antonyms include calm, composed, placid, and serene. Related terms include ire, which refers to the emotion itself.