interneuroneid

Interneuroneid are neurons that connect other neurons within the central nervous system and act within local circuits, rather than transmitting information from sensory organs to muscles, which is the role of sensory and motor neurons. They form local circuits that process information within a brain region or spinal cord segment.

Most interneuroneid are inhibitory, using GABA or glycine, and help balance excitation, regulate timing, and synchronize activity. Others are excitatory and use glutamate.

In the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, interneuroneid come in several morphologies such as basket cells, chandelier cells, and stellate cells, and they often belong to molecularly defined subtypes such as parvalbumin-positive, somatostatin-positive, VIP-positive, and calretinin-positive.

During development, interneuroneid originate from specific regions and migrate to their destinations; their proper function is essential for sensory processing, motor control, learning, and memory. Dysfunction of interneuroneid is linked to neurological and psychiatric conditions including epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism.

In the spinal cord, interneuroneid mediate reflexes by linking sensory input to motor output, allowing rapid, coordinated movement.