internationalrecognition

International recognition refers to the acknowledgment of a state's sovereignty and existence by other states in the international system. This recognition is typically expressed through diplomatic relations, such as the exchange of ambassadors, and by treating the recognized entity as a legitimate member of the community of nations. The concept is fundamental to the Westphalian system of international relations, which posits sovereign states as the primary actors.

Recognition can be granted explicitly, through a formal declaration, or implicitly, by engaging in diplomatic or other state-to-state interactions. It is generally considered a political act, not a legal one, meaning that states are free to recognize or not recognize other entities based on their own foreign policy interests and principles. However, the absence of recognition can significantly hinder a state's ability to participate in international organizations, enter into treaties, and engage in trade and other forms of cooperation.

The criteria for recognition are not universally codified and can vary. Historically, the declarative theory of statehood held that an entity became a state once it met the criteria for statehood (defined territory, permanent population, effective government, and capacity to enter into relations with other states) and recognition was merely a confirmation of this fact. The constitutive theory, conversely, suggests that recognition by other states is a necessary condition for statehood. In practice, a combination of these perspectives often influences decisions regarding recognition. The process is complex and can be influenced by political factors, including the legitimacy of the government, human rights records, and territorial disputes.