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Insomnia is a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling asleep, staying asleep, or experiencing non-restorative sleep. This can lead to a range of negative consequences affecting mood, energy, concentration, and overall health. Insomnia can be acute, lasting for a few days or weeks, often triggered by stress or situational changes. Chronic insomnia, however, persists for at least three nights a week for three months or longer and can have more significant impacts on daily life.

The causes of insomnia are varied and can include psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and depression. Medical conditions like chronic pain, respiratory problems, or neurological disorders can also contribute. Lifestyle factors, including irregular sleep schedules, excessive caffeine or alcohol intake, and the use of certain medications, are also common culprits. Environmental factors, such as a noisy or uncomfortable sleeping environment, can also play a role.

Diagnosing insomnia typically involves a thorough review of a person's sleep patterns, medical history, and lifestyle. Sleep diaries and sometimes overnight sleep studies (polysomnography) may be used to gather more information. Treatment approaches vary depending on the underlying cause and severity of the insomnia. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) is a widely recommended and effective non-pharmacological treatment that focuses on identifying and changing thoughts and behaviors that interfere with sleep. In some cases, short-term use of sleep medication may be considered, but it is often used in conjunction with behavioral therapies. Establishing good sleep hygiene, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a relaxing bedtime routine, and ensuring a conducive sleep environment, is crucial for managing insomnia.