insulinIGF

insulinIGF refers to the insulin-like growth factor signaling axis, a network that integrates signals from insulin and IGF ligands to regulate metabolism, growth, and development in animals. The core components include the peptide hormones insulin, IGF-1, and IGF-2, and their receptor proteins, primarily the insulin receptor (IR) and the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R). These receptors are closely related in structure and can relay overlapping signals to intracellular pathways.

Receptors and ligands interact with varying affinities, and cells may express different combinations of IR, IGF1R, and the IGF2 receptor (IGF2R), which can modulate signal strength and outcome. Hybrid receptors formed by IR and IGF1R subunits exist and contribute to signaling diversity. The bioavailability and activity of IGFs are also influenced by insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which regulate ligand access to receptors.

Signaling downstream of IR and IGF1R commonly engages the PI3K-AKT and MAPK (ERK) pathways. Activation promotes glucose uptake, protein synthesis, cell growth, and survival, while context and receptor composition determine whether signals favor metabolic or mitogenic responses. Cross-talk between insulin- and IGF-mediated signaling can fine-tune cellular outcomes and tissue-specific effects.

Physiological roles of insulinIGF signaling include metabolic regulation, growth and development, tissue maintenance, and energy homeostasis. Dysregulation has been linked to metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity, as well as cancer and aging-related processes. In research, modulation of IIS is studied for insights into lifespan, cellular proliferation, and metabolic disease, with model organisms revealing conserved and divergent aspects across species.