ingehouden

Ingehouden is a Dutch term that functions as the past participle of the verb inhouden and as an adjective meaning restrained, contained, or withheld. It can describe something that is kept back or suppressed, or a person who suppresses emotion or reaction. The expression een ingehouden adem, meaning a held breath, illustrates its use as a noun phrase, while een ingehouden glimlach refers to a restrained smile.

In its financial sense, ingehouden indicates that an amount has been withheld at source, such as loonbelasting ingehouden (income tax withheld from wages) or premies ingehouden (social security contributions withheld). In deze context wordt ingehouden often used with the noun it modifies or in passive constructions: er wordt loonbelasting ingehouden.

Grammatical notes: ingehouden is the past participle of inhouden; as an adjective it agrees with the noun it modifies and generally takes no special endings in attributive position (een ingehouden adem) but may be used in predicate form (Zijn houding bleef ingehouden). The related verb forms include inhouden (to hold in/withhold) and related expressions such as terughouden, tegenhouden.

Etymology: from in- (in) + houden (to hold). The form is established in Dutch since early modern Dutch; cognates exist in Germanic languages with similar meanings.

Examples:

- Zijn ingehouden reactie verried zijn irritatie.

- De loonadministratie meldt dat loonbelasting en premies ingehouden worden.

- Hij hield zijn adem in en wachtte.