individualizm

Individualizm, often translated as individualism, is a term used to describe a set of beliefs, attitudes, and approaches that place the individual at the center of moral and social life. It encompasses ethical, political, and cultural dimensions and emphasizes autonomy, personal rights, and self-determination, often in contrast to collectivist or state-centered frameworks.

Etymology and scope: The word derives from Latin roots meaning indivisible or indivisible person. In philosophy and social science, individualizm refers to both normative positions about how people ought to relate to society and explanatory approaches that explain social outcomes through the actions and choices of individuals rather than through collectives.

Variants: Normative or moral individualism holds that individuals have intrinsic value and rights warranting protection. Methodological individualism is an explanatory approach in sociology and economics that seeks to explain social phenomena in terms of individuals’ actions and preferences. Political and economic forms include liberal or libertarian strands of individualism, while cultural variations stress personal autonomy, self-expression, and the right to self-ownership.

History and influence: In the Enlightenment, thinkers such as John Locke argued for natural rights and personal liberty, influencing liberal political theory and constitutional government. Through the 19th and 20th centuries, liberal individualism shaped debates on rights, property, and market economies. Methodological individualism influenced sociological and economic analysis, though later critiques highlighted the role of social structures, institutions, and communal ties.

Critique and debate: Proponents view individualizm as a safeguard of civil liberties, accountability, and innovation. Critics contend that it can underplay social obligations, inequality, and community well-being, necessitating balances between individual rights and collective responsibilities.