includendo

Includendo is the present participle (gerund) of the Italian verb includere, meaning “including” or “by including.” It is used to express that certain elements are part of what is being described or to connect statements by signaling additional information. The form is common in both written and spoken Italian, especially when listing components or adding qualifying details.

Formation and etymology: Includendo is formed from the verb stem includ- plus the gerund suffix -endo. The verb includere comes from Latin includere, built from in- “in” and cludere “to close, to shut in.” This lineage explains the productive use of the corresponding Italian gerund to introduce supplementary material.

Usage notes: As a gerund, includendo often introduces a clause that specifies what is included. It can appear at the start of a sentence, as in “Includendo i costi fissi, il prezzo totale sale,” or mid-sentence to add context. In formal writing, some editors prefer complete subordinate clauses to avoid fronted gerund phrases, but includendo remains acceptable in contemporary Italian for concise, explanatory statements. It is not used as a noun; the related noun for the act of including is inclusione, and the adjective meaning “included” is incluso.

Cross-linguistic context: The Italian form is cognate with Spanish incluyendo and French incluant, reflecting shared Latin roots. While similar equivalents exist in other Romance languages, each language has its own preferred stylistic conventions for using the equivalent gerund forms.

See also: includere, inclusione, incluso, incluso (in other languages).