impurityinduced
Impurity-induced effects refer to phenomena that arise when a material contains impurities or defects. Impurities may be substitutional atoms, interstitials, vacancies, or complex defect clusters. They alter local electronic structure, lattice geometry, and scattering potential, leading to changes in electrical conductivity, optical absorption, magnetism, and structural phase behavior.
In semiconductors, dopants such as phosphorus in silicon or nitrogen in gallium arsenide introduce extra charge
Impurity effects also drive magnetic and optical phenomena. Magnetic impurities in metals can give rise to
Modeling impurity-induced phenomena relies on approaches such as impurity-band theory, the Anderson impurity model, density functional