ibexes

Ibexes are a group of wild goats in the genus Capra that inhabit mountainous regions in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The term commonly includes species such as the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica), Nubian ibex (Capra nubian), and several Caucasian and Siberian species. They are highly adapted to rugged terrain and steep cliffs, with sturdy bodies, strong legs, and specialized cloven hooves that provide grip on rocky surfaces. Males typically bear large, curved horns; females have horns that are shorter. Coat color varies by species and season, generally brownish with lighter underparts.

Ibexes occupy high elevation habitats, often above the tree line, and may descend to lower elevations in winter. They are herbivorous ruminants, feeding on grasses, herbs, shrubs, and mosses depending on availability. They are social animals, with female–calf groups forming herds and older males forming separate bachelor groups. During the breeding season, dominant males establish zones and engage in horn displays and fights to win mates. Reproduction is seasonal; the gestation period is about 160–170 days, typically yielding one or two kids in spring.

Conservation status varies by species. The Alpine ibex was once near extinction but has recovered thanks to protection and reintroduction programs; many populations are now stable or increasing. Other ibex species face threats from habitat loss, disease, poaching, and climate change, with some subspecies listed as endangered. Ibexes are culturally significant in some regions and are featured in local folklore and as symbols of rugged mountain landscapes.