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Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), play a crucial role in regulating metabolism, energy levels, and the function of many organs in the body. When these hormones are deficient, many bodily processes slow down.

The most common cause of hypothyroidism in many parts of the world is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system attacks the thyroid gland. Other causes can include iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery, radiation therapy to the neck, and certain medications. Congenital hypothyroidism occurs in newborns and can lead to developmental issues if not treated promptly.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism can vary and may develop gradually. Common signs include fatigue, weight gain, feeling cold, dry skin, constipation, muscle aches, and a hoarse voice. In more severe cases, it can lead to depression, cognitive difficulties, and a slowed heart rate.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones. Elevated TSH levels, along with low thyroid hormone levels, usually confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment for hypothyroidism involves hormone replacement therapy, usually with levothyroxine, a synthetic form of T4. This medication replenishes the body's hormone levels, alleviating symptoms and restoring normal metabolic function. Regular monitoring through blood tests is necessary to ensure the correct dosage. While hypothyroidism is often a lifelong condition, it is manageable with appropriate treatment.