hüperkaliemia

Hyperkalemia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally high level of potassium in the blood. Potassium is an essential electrolyte that plays a crucial role in nerve and muscle function, including the heart. Normal serum potassium levels are typically between 3.5 and 5.0 millimoles per liter. Hyperkalemia is generally defined as a serum potassium level above 5.5 mmol/L, with levels above 6.0 mmol/L considered severe.

The causes of hyperkalemia are varied and can include kidney failure, as the kidneys are primarily responsible for excreting excess potassium. Other causes include certain medications such as ACE inhibitors, ARBs, potassium-sparing diuretics, and NSAIDs. Endocrine disorders like Addison's disease, which affects the adrenal glands, can also lead to hyperkalemia. Additionally, conditions that cause the breakdown of cells, such as rhabdomyolysis or tumor lysis syndrome, can release large amounts of potassium into the bloodstream.

Symptoms of hyperkalemia can range from mild to life-threatening. Mild cases may be asymptomatic. As potassium levels rise, individuals may experience muscle weakness, fatigue, tingling sensations, and nausea. In severe cases, hyperkalemia can cause dangerous heart rhythm abnormalities, including bradycardia, arrhythmias, and even cardiac arrest.

Diagnosis of hyperkalemia is made through a blood test measuring serum potassium levels. An electrocardiogram (ECG) is also important to assess for cardiac changes. Treatment focuses on lowering potassium levels and addressing the underlying cause. This may involve dietary restrictions, medications to shift potassium into cells or promote its excretion, and in severe cases, dialysis.