hypohalogenates

Hypohalogenates are a class of chemical compounds containing the hypohalogenite anion. The general formula for these anions is XO-, where X represents a halogen atom such as chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), or iodine (I), and O represents an oxygen atom. Hypohalogenites are the conjugate bases of hypohalous acids (HOX).

The most common and widely used hypohalogenite is hypochlorite, with the formula ClO-. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) is the active ingredient in bleach, known for its strong oxidizing and disinfecting properties. Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) is also used as a disinfectant, particularly in swimming pools and for water treatment.

Hypobromite (BrO-) and hypoiodite (IO-) are less common than hypochlorite. Hypobromites can be formed by reacting bromine with a base. Hypoiodites are typically produced by reacting iodine with a base. These species also exhibit oxidizing properties, though generally weaker than hypochlorite.

Hypohalogenites are often unstable and can disproportionate, especially in acidic solutions, forming halide ions (X-) and halates (XO3-). Their stability is influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and the presence of other substances. Due to their oxidizing nature, hypohalogenites are utilized in various applications including bleaching, sanitation, and as intermediates in certain chemical syntheses.