hypofarynskreft

Hypofarynkscancer refers to cancer that originates in the hypopharynx, which is the lowest part of the throat. This region is located below the oropharynx and anterior to the cervical esophagus. The hypopharynx is divided into three main areas: the pyriform sinus, the postcricoid region, and the posterior pharyngeal wall. The pyriform sinus, a pair of pear-shaped recesses lateral to the larynx, is the most common site for hypopharyngeal cancers.

The primary risk factor for hypopharyngeal cancer is tobacco use, including smoking and chewing. Heavy alcohol consumption, particularly in combination with smoking, significantly increases the risk. Other potential contributing factors include a diet low in fruits and vegetables and certain viral infections, although these are less definitively established.

Symptoms of hypopharyngeal cancer can vary depending on the tumor's location and size. Early symptoms may be vague and include a persistent sore throat, difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), a sensation of a lump in the throat, and ear pain (otalgia) due to referred pain. As the cancer progresses, symptoms can worsen, leading to significant weight loss, hoarseness, difficulty breathing, and a visible neck mass.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination, including a visual inspection of the throat with a scope. Imaging studies such as CT scans and MRI scans are used to determine the extent of the tumor and whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other areas. A biopsy is essential for confirming the diagnosis and determining the type of cancer cells.

Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and other factors. Common treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. In many cases, a combination of these therapies is used. The prognosis for hypopharyngeal cancer is generally considered poor, especially when diagnosed at advanced stages, due to its tendency to spread aggressively to lymph nodes.