hypervolaemia

Hypervolemia, also known as fluid overload, is a medical condition characterized by an excessive amount of fluid in the bloodstream. This can lead to a variety of symptoms and complications, impacting multiple organ systems. The primary cause of hypervolemia is often an imbalance in the body's fluid regulation mechanisms, leading to retention of sodium and water.

Common underlying conditions that contribute to hypervolemia include heart failure, kidney disease, liver cirrhosis, and certain hormonal disorders. In heart failure, the heart's reduced pumping efficiency leads to fluid backup in the circulatory system. Impaired kidney function prevents the body from effectively excreting excess fluid and electrolytes. Liver disease can disrupt the production of proteins that help regulate fluid balance, and hormonal imbalances, such as excess aldosterone, can promote sodium and water retention.

The signs and symptoms of hypervolemia can range from mild to severe. These may include edema, which is swelling, typically in the legs, ankles, and feet, due to fluid accumulation in the tissues. Patients might also experience shortness of breath (dyspnea), particularly when lying down, due to fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema). Other symptoms can include rapid weight gain, high blood pressure (hypertension), fatigue, and a feeling of fullness or bloating. In severe cases, hypervolemia can lead to life-threatening complications like acute respiratory distress syndrome or fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity (ascites).

Diagnosis of hypervolemia involves a physical examination, assessment of symptoms, and medical history. Diagnostic tests may include blood tests to check electrolyte levels and kidney function, as well as imaging studies such as chest X-rays to assess for fluid in the lungs. Treatment focuses on removing excess fluid and addressing the underlying cause. This often involves restricting sodium and fluid intake, and the use of diuretic medications to increase urine output. In severe cases, more aggressive interventions like dialysis may be necessary.