hydrofluorocarbon

Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) is a class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine, with no chlorine or bromine. They are produced by fluorinating hydrocarbons and replacing some or all hydrogen atoms with fluorine. HFCs are typically gases at room temperature, though some are liquids under pressure. They are used in a range of applications, most notably as refrigerants for air conditioning and refrigeration equipment, but also as solvents, foam blowing agents for insulation, and propellants in aerosol products. Common examples include HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane), HFC-125 (pentafluoroethane), HFC-143a, and HFC-245fa.

Environmental impact and regulation: HFCs do not deplete the ozone layer, in contrast to chlorofluorocarbons and many HCFCs. However, many HFCs have high global warming potentials (GWPs) and can persist in the atmosphere for years to decades, contributing to climate change. Consequently, international and regional frameworks aim to reduce their production and use. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol obligates phasedown of HFCs, with shifts toward lower-GWP refrigerants and alternatives such as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs), natural refrigerants (carbon dioxide, ammonia), and other technology changes. In industry, regulatory measures also limit venting, encourage recycling, and promote safer, more energy-efficient equipment.

Typical applications and safety: In refrigeration and air conditioning, HFCs replaced many ozone-depleting substances but are now targeted for reduction due to climate impact. They are also used as foam blowing agents in insulating foams and as solvents and propellants in various products. Toxicity is generally low at typical exposures, but some HFCs can be mildly flammable or have other hazards; handling and storage require appropriate safeguards. The regulatory status and ongoing development of lower-GWP alternatives influence research, containment, and recovery practices in the sector.