hromosomske

Hromosomske refers to anything pertaining to chromosomes, the threadlike structures inside the nucleus that carry genetic material. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are made of DNA wound around histone proteins and organized into linear molecules. In humans, the typical diploid set consists of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs: 22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XX or XY). Chromosomes are classified by size, banding pattern, and the position of the centromere, which divides each chromosome into a short (p) and a long (q) arm. The karyotype is the complete set and structure of chromosomes for an individual or species and is used to detect chromosomal abnormalities.

Chromosomal abnormalities fall into numerical and structural categories. Numerical abnormalities include aneuploidy, such as trisomies (e.g., trisomy 21) and monosomies (e.g., monosomy X). Structural abnormalities include translocations, deletions, duplications, inversions, and isochromosomes. These changes can be de novo or inherited and may lead to developmental disorders, congenital anomalies, or fertility issues. The clinical impact depends on the specific chromosome involved and the genes affected.

Chromosomes replicate during the S phase of the cell cycle and segregate during mitosis and meiosis to ensure genetic material is passed to daughter cells or gametes. Genetic and medical research uses methods such as karyotyping, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) to study chromosomal structure and copy-number changes.

Hromosomske terminology thus encompasses concepts in cytogenetics, prenatal screening, oncology, and evolutionary genetics, reflecting the central role of chromosomes in heredity and disease.