horseshoes

Horseshoes are U-shaped metal plates attached to the front or sides of a horse's hooves to protect the hoof wall, provide traction, and influence gait. Most modern shoes are made of steel; aluminum is lighter for racing or endurance work, while other materials are used for therapeutic purposes. Shoes are nailed to the hoof by a farrier, and the nail ends are clinched to secure them without penetrating sensitive tissue.

History: The use of nailed metal shoes arose in medieval Europe; earlier non-metal and leather coverings existed, but metal nailed shoes became common from around the 9th to 10th centuries and gradually spread worldwide. Over time, designers introduced various shapes, clips, and supports to address hoof problems or specific activities.

Types and techniques: Standard shoes come in open- and closed-heel designs and may include toe clips or toe plugs. Bar shoes, heart-bar shoes, and other orthopedic designs provide extra support for damaged or weak hooves. Traction can be increased with studs or traction devices for icy or soft ground. Shoeing is tailored to each horse's discipline and conformation.

Care and maintenance: A horse is typically shod every four to eight weeks, depending on hoof growth and activity. The farrier trims the hoof and nails the shoe on, checks balance, and may adjust or replace hardware as needed. Some horses may be managed barefoot with regular trimming and conditioning when appropriate.