hormooneja
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by glands and specialized cells in animals. They are released into body fluids and travel to distant target tissues where they elicit specific physiological responses. Hormones operate at very low concentrations and regulate processes such as growth, metabolism, reproduction, water and electrolyte balance, and responses to stress.
Hormones can be classified by chemical structure into peptide or protein hormones (such as insulin and growth
Mechanism of action: water-soluble hormones bind to cell-surface receptors and trigger signaling cascades; lipid-soluble hormones pass
Regulation: hormone levels are controlled by feedback mechanisms, often via the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Circadian rhythms, stress,
Clinical relevance: abnormal hormone production causes endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus. Treatments include
History and overview: The term hormone was coined in the early 20th century to describe chemical messengers