hné

Hné is the Icelandic word for the knee, the large weight-bearing joint between the thigh and the lower leg. It is essential for standing, walking, and running, and it includes the surrounding tissues such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Anatomy: The knee comprises the distal femur, proximal tibia, and the patella. Articular cartilage coats the joint surfaces; two menisci cushion the joint. The joint capsule is lined by the synovial membrane. The main stabilizers are four ligaments: ACL, PCL, MCL, and LCL. The patellar tendon and associated muscles, especially the quadriceps and hamstrings, produce movement.

Function: The knee mainly allows flexion and extension, with limited rotation when flexed. The menisci absorb shock and distribute load; the patella increases the leverage of the quadriceps.

Common problems include injuries such as sprains, meniscal tears, and ACL tears, as well as osteoarthritis, tendinopathy, bursitis, and dislocations. Diagnosis combines history, examination, and imaging (X-ray, MRI).

Treatment ranges from conservative care—rest, ice, compression, elevation, and physical therapy—to surgery for damaged tissue or joint replacement. Prevention focuses on strengthening the thigh muscles, balance training, proper footwear, and gradual progression of activity.