hjälmen

Hjälmen is the Swedish term for a helmet, a form of protective headgear designed to absorb impact and protect the skull from injury. The word is used for a wide range of helmets worn in sports, work, military, and daily life. The concept dates back to ancient head coverings, but modern helmets emphasize standardized impact protection and secure fit.

Most helmets consist of an outer shell made of hard plastic or composite material, an energy-absorbing liner, and a chin strap to keep the helmet in place. The shell distributes force, while the liner reduces peak acceleration to limit brain injury. Ventilation, visibility, and fit systems vary by use. Helmets may include visors, face guards, or additional padding.

Common categories include bicycle and skate helmets, motorcycle helmets, construction hard hats, and sports helmets for ice hockey, football, or equestrian activities. In the European Union, consumer helmets typically carry CE marking and may comply with standards such as EN 1078 (cycling/roller sports), EN 1384 (equestrian), or EN 397 (industrial). Standards specify impact resistance, penetration protection, and strap strength.

Historically, helmets evolved from bronze or leather headgear in antiquity to structured steel and composite designs in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, helmets are routinely replaced after a strong impact or upon visible damage. Care includes cleaning with mild soap and water, keeping dry, inspecting for cracks, and replacing worn or expired parts. The term "hjälmen" covers these varied forms of head protection across cultures and activities.