hiperestesia

Hyperesthesia, or hiperestesia, is a condition characterized by abnormally increased sensitivity to sensory stimuli, most commonly touch or tactile input, but it can involve other senses as well. It is distinct from related concepts such as hyperalgesia (increased pain from a painful stimulus) and allodynia (pain from a normally non-painful stimulus).

Signs and symptoms typically involve heightened or uncomfortable responses to everyday sensory input. Affected areas may be especially tender to light touch, with burning, tingling, or aching sensations. The sensitivity can be localized to a specific region or more widespread, and symptoms may fluctuate over time.

Causes are diverse and include peripheral neuropathies (for example, diabetic or alcohol-related neuropathy), nerve injuries or compression, postherpetic neuralgia, complex regional pain syndrome, inflammatory or infectious conditions, and certain central nervous system disorders such as stroke or multiple sclerosis. Certain medications or systemic illnesses can also contribute. Hyperesthesia can be a component of chronic pain syndromes like fibromyalgia.

Pathophysiology involves peripheral nerve dysfunction and, in some conditions, central nervous system sensitization that amplifies sensory processing in the spinal cord and brain. This leads to exaggerated perception of sensory input.

Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and history, with a focus on distinguishing hyperesthesia from allodynia and hyperalgesia. Investigations may include targeted laboratory tests, neurological examination, and, in some cases, quantitative sensory testing or imaging to identify an underlying cause.

Treatment and management aim at the underlying condition when possible. Approaches include neuropathic pain medications (such as gabapentinoids, certain antidepressants), topical agents, physical therapy with desensitization techniques, and psychological therapies. Prognosis varies with the cause and response to treatment. See also allodynia, hyperalgesia, and neuropathy.