hernií

A hernia occurs when an organ or fatty tissue squeezes through a weak spot in a surrounding muscle or connective tissue called fascia. This protrusion can cause a bulge or lump that may be painful, especially when coughing, straining, or lifting. Hernias are common in the abdomen and groin area.

There are several types of hernias, including inguinal hernias, which are the most common and occur in the groin; femoral hernias, also in the groin but less common and more frequent in women; umbilical hernias, which appear at the navel; and hiatal hernias, where part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. Incisional hernias can develop at the site of a previous surgical scar.

Risk factors for developing a hernia include heavy lifting, chronic coughing, obesity, pregnancy, and straining during bowel movements or urination. A sudden strain or injury can also lead to a hernia.

Diagnosis is usually made through a physical examination. In some cases, imaging tests like ultrasound or CT scans may be used to confirm the diagnosis or assess the extent of the hernia.

Treatment options depend on the type, size, and symptoms of the hernia. Small, asymptomatic hernias may not require immediate treatment, but watchful waiting is often recommended. Larger or symptomatic hernias, or those that pose a risk of strangulation (where blood supply to the protruding tissue is cut off), typically require surgical repair. Surgery involves pushing the protruding organ or tissue back into place and strengthening the weakened muscle or fascia, often using a synthetic mesh.