heparinu

Heparin is a naturally occurring anticoagulant found in the body and also manufactured for medical use. It is a type of glycosaminoglycan, a complex carbohydrate molecule. In its medical form, heparin is administered to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by binding to antithrombin III, a protein in the blood, which then inactivates several clotting factors, most notably thrombin and factor Xa. This interruption of the clotting cascade significantly reduces the blood's ability to form clots.

Heparin is typically administered via injection, either subcutaneously (under the skin) or intravenously (into a vein). Its rapid action makes it useful in emergency situations, such as during a heart attack or pulmonary embolism, where immediate anticoagulation is required. It is also commonly used to prevent clot formation in patients undergoing surgery, those with certain medical conditions that increase clot risk, or in individuals with artificial heart valves.

Because heparin can increase the risk of bleeding, its use requires careful monitoring. Blood tests, such as the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), are used to ensure the dosage is therapeutic and not excessive. Side effects can include bleeding, low platelet count (heparin-induced thrombocytopenia or HIT), and allergic reactions. While unfractionated heparin is the most common form, low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are also available and offer a more predictable anticoagulant response, often allowing for outpatient treatment.