headland

A headland is a coastal landform consisting of a narrow point of land that extends into a sea or ocean, typically rising above the water with cliffs. It forms where the coastline is made of rock types with differing resistance to erosion. More resistant rock remains as a projection while adjacent softer rock is worn away, creating a jutting point that often forms a cape along the coastline. The term is widely used in describing such projections; a promontory is a closely related concept.

Coastal processes shape headlands through wave action and weathering. Wave refraction concentrates energy along the headland, accelerating erosion of adjacent shores and developing features such as sea cliffs, caves, arches, and stacks. The areas between headlands tend to erode more quickly, producing coves or bays and contributing to an indented coastline. Over long periods, headlands may retreat landward as erosion continues, while the resisting rock remains as the lingering projection.

Headlands are common on coastlines formed from layered sedimentary rocks or resistant igneous formations. They can influence local currents and wave patterns, creating sheltered waters in their lee and affecting coastal ecosystems. Human activity often highlights headlands as navigation landmarks and destinations for tourism and recreation, with seabird colonies and coastal scenery drawing visitors. Notable examples include Flamborough Head in England, Duncansby Head in Scotland, and Cape Wrath in Scotland.